Over the past few weeks I’ve had a few different conversation (some more heated than others) about the jurisdiction of the Federal Government and the Jurisdiction of State Government, and how to determine which one takes precedence. The general consensus of everyone I’ve spoken with is that the federal government should basically let the states govern themselves unless national security or interstate commerce are involved. I don’t know why, but this just didn’t seem quite right to me. In fact, what really set me on this quest was a comment from one of my buddies from the mission. He said (and I’m paraphrasing a bit here) that Roe v. Wade should be repealed and th states should decide whether or not to outlaw abortion.
I knew that my good friend James Ord, who is sincerely one of the most brilliant men I know, would have the answers I was looking for. Among other things, he’s a very educated and talented lawyer, so I sent him a quick email asking about Federal vs. State jurisdiction and how it’s determined. One of the things I appreciate about James is that he doesn’t ever give me an answer directly. He gives me all of the background, history and information I need to form my own opinion and find my own answer. His reply is worth sharing here:
Okay so ITS HISTORY LESSON TIME BOYS AND GIRLS. .
Everyone sit on your square of carpet for story time. . .
Federal Preemption of State law. This is what you need to know:
Under our theory of Govt.
Liberty = the right to do what ever you want so long as it doesn’t interfere with someone else right to do what ever they want.
The theory is that the states actually have all the rights and confer them upon their citizens. Citizens only have liberty in so far as the State confers it upon them. This is called Positive Law.
As opposed to rights being confered upon citizens by God (Negative Law or Natural Law), and then the citizens allowing the states to have enumerated and limited powers over those rights, to regulate, and operate for the health safety and welfare of society.
AND
As opposed to all the rights originating in the federal government, and then being granted to the citizens by the federal govt.
Because our system originated from a group of independent countries, the founders did not wish to get into a pissing match and fight with the states over where the bundle of rights originated and how it vested power. Below were the different line of authority theories.
God –> to Citizens –>to Federal Govt –> To States
God –> To Citizens –> to States –> To Fed Govt
God –> To Citizens –> with some rights to Fed and others granted to States
God –> to Fed Govt. –> To States –> To Citizens
God –> To Fed Govt –> Citizens –> To States
God –> To Fed Govt –> with some rights to States and others to the Citizens
God –> to the States –>To Fed Govt. –> Citizens
God –> to the States –> To Citizens –> To Fed
God –> to States –> with some rights to Fed & Others to States
The result was that the latter was the theory which was used to build our Govt.
Although libertarians love to think it isn’t so, the constitution makes the federal govt one of limited enumerated powers, and the States retain ALL the rights under our theory of govt.
Under the theory of govt that brought the US Constitution into place God does NOT vest rights in ANY citizen.
Thomas Jefferson vehemently disputed this but ultimately it was so.
The result was the following:
The Bill of rights was passed that said that no matter what rights the states held, the fed would recognise in all of its interactions with citizens that God Grants to CITIZENS certain rights and that those rights cannot and will not be infringed by the Fed.
Pre Civil War
The Fed derived its powers from the States
And prior to the Civil War, ALL of the Fed’s powers were granted to it by the States.
Pre Civil War, the states could do what ever the FRAK it wanted to its citizens so long as it did not interfere with the Federal preemptive rights enumerated in the Fed constitution. Since the citizens of the several States ONLY had those rights granted to them by their respective States.
Post Civil War
Since the several States were so keen on Human Rights (sarcasm inserted), the key to rejoining the Union was the ratification of the 14th amendment.
This shoved the Fed’s theory of vested rights down the Southern States throats.
The 14th Amendment Insured that some rights were granted by God to the Citizens, and then the citizens granted the Fed the right to regulate them, and the Fed then forces the States to regulate them or in some cases to not regulate them.
So with the ratification of the 14th amendment we went from
God –> to States –> with some rights to Fed & Others to States
TO
God —> with some rights to States, some to the Citizens, and the Citizens allowing the Fed to force the States to recognise those rights that God gave to citizens that the States can no longer infringe upon.
That IS VERY VERY IMPORTANT for understanding Federal preemption law.
So . . In our system The Fed Preempts state law in two ways. . .
1. Those areas of law that states at the founding ceeded to the fed and the Federal Constitution SPECIFICALLY designates as federal jurisdiction.
Examples of this are interstate commerce ie. the commerce clause, or the power over minting and coining money, setting weights and measures, or the power over foreign policy.
2. By Operation of the guarantees found within the 14th Amendment being binding upon the states.
It should be noted that as a result of the vesting theory debate Tommy J. . .Who flunked out/dropped out of Law School at William and Marry btw, wrote the Virginia Charter of Religious Freedom which ultimately became the basis for the Bill of Rights.
He then went on a one man campaign state by state to convince their legislatures to amend their states’ constitutions to reject Positive Law, and re-vest the powers of their states BACK into their respective citizenries.
Cincinatus eat your heart out.
Tommy J was successful in most of the states he went to bat. . . BUT even with a batting average of 700 he still struck out on a few.
As a result. The Federal govt is a patchwork of States who derive their limited power to govern from their citizenry,
AND
States whose governments are still technically benevolent despots whose only limits on their state’s power are those limits placed upon them by the Fed.
Sooo in essence, with all things legal, to determine if a State is exercising one of its God given powers, OR if it is exercising a power granted to it by its citizenry, OR if it is truly infringing upon a Federal power, you have to figure out What the power is, and then where it vested from.
If you determine it is a State-held power then you must ask if there are any Federal preemption rules or technicalities which would would constrict the way in which a state held power could be exercised.
Lot’s to digest, to be sure. I’ve read it several times and continue to find more understanding in it each time.
Anyway, this post is getting a little long, so I’m going to break it into two parts. Part 2 will follow tomorrow, and we’ll get into why Roe v. Wade is still a relevant and important decision (especially if you’re anti-abortion).